Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals describe two types of chemical substances:

1. Chemicals Transformable into Drug Entities
   • Definition: Chemical substances that can be converted into drugs.
   • Examples: Diclofenac Sodium, Thiamine Hydrochloride, Acetylsalicylic Acid.
2. Chemicals Used in Labs but Not Directly Transformable into Drugs
   • Definition: Chemical substances used in laboratory settings and serve supplementary roles in drug preparation or analysis.
   • Examples: Citric Acid, Alcohol, Methanol, Acetonitrile.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

• Definition: The science that utilizes all laws of chemistry to study drugs.

Study of Drugs

• Composition
• Chemical Nature
• Structure
• Physical and Chemical Properties
• Influence on Living Organisms
• Methods of Quality Control
• Conditions of Storage

Fundamentals of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

1. Chemical Fundamentals
   • Inorganic
   • Physical
   • Analytical
   • Colloidal
   • Organic
2. Medico-Biological Fundamentals
   • Physiology
   • Biology
   • Anatomy
   • Pathology
   • Biochemistry
   • Microbiology

Association of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

1. Synthesis of Medicinal Substances
   • Definition: Synthesis involves obtaining medicinal substances from natural or synthetic sources.
   • Reasons for Synthesis:
     • Substances required in bulk.
     • Substances required in pure form.
     • Economic considerations.
   • Synthesis Process:
     • Definition: A process where two or more chemical substances react under specified conditions to produce a new, stable, and pure substance.
     • Example: \( x + y \rightarrow z \) (having a sharp melting point)
2. Techniques of Isolation, Identification, Characterization, and Purification
   • Definition: Involves all medicinal substances, whether newly synthesized or existing.
   • Stages of Drug Development:
     • Development of the drug
     • Preparation of the drug
     • Compounding & dispensing of the drug
     • Consumption of the drug
   • Studies of Drug Development:
     • Physico-Chemical Studies:
       • Solubility
       • Dissolution (checking dissolution of the drug in an acidic stomach medium)
       • Partition Coefficient
       • pKa (checking drug polarity)
       • Stability
     • Biological Studies:
       • Techniques used according to particular substances.